World Climate And Climate Change Class 11 Notes Geography Chapter 11 - CBSE

Chapter : 11

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Three broad approaches have been adopted for classifying climate. They are empirical, genetic, and applied.
Koeppen identified a close relationship between the distribution of vegetation and climate. He selected certain temperature and precipitation values, related them to vegetation distribution and used these values for classifying the climates.
Climatic Groups According to Koeppen:

Group	Characteristics
A - Tropical	The average temperature of the coldest month is 18°C or higher
B - Dry Climates	Potential evaporation exceeds precipitation
C - Warm, Temperate	The average temperature of the coldest month of the (Mid-latitude) climates years is higher than -3°C but below 18°C
D - Cold Snow forest	The average temperature of the coldest month is minus 3°C or below
E - Cold Climates	Cold Climates Average temperature for all months is below 10°C
H - Highlands	Cold due to elevation

Koeppen introduced the use of capital and small letters to designate climatic groups and types. The capital
letters: A, C, D, and E delineate humid climates and B indicates dry climates. The climatic groups are subdivided into types designated by small letters, based on the seasonality of precipitation and temperature characteristics. The seasons of dryness are indicated by the small letters: f, m, w, and s.

Group	Type	Letter Code	Characteristics
A - Tropical Humid Climate	Tropical wet Tropical monsoon Tropical wet and dry	Af Am Aw	No dry season Monsoonal, short dry season Winter dry season
B - Dry Climate	Subtropical Steppe Subtropical desert Mid-latitude steppe Mid-latitude desert	BSh BWh BSk BWk	Low-latitude semiarid or dry Low-latitude arid or dry Mid-latitude semiarid or dry Mid-latitude arid or dry
C - Warm temperate (Mid-latitude) Climates	Humid subtropical Mediterranean Marine west coast	Cfa Cs Cfb	No dry season, warm summer Dry hot summer No dry season, warm and cool summer
D - Cold snow forest Climates	Humid contionental Subarctic	Df Dw	No dry season, severe winter Winter dry and very severe
E - Cold Climates	Tundra Polar ice cap	ET EF	No true summer Perennial ice
H - Highland	Highland	H	Highland with snow cover

The tropical group is divided into three types, namely:
- Af: Tropical wet climate
- Am: Tropical monsoon climate
- Aw: Tropical wet and dry climate
Dry climates (Group-B) are divided into steppe or semiarid climates (BS) and desert climate (BW). They are further subdivided as subtropical steppe (BSh) and subtropical desert (BWh) at latitudes from 15°–35° and mid-latitude steppe (BSk) and mid-latitude desert (BWk) at latitudes between 35°–60°.
Warm Temperate (Mid-Latitude) Climates-C: Warm temperate (mid-latitude) climates extend from 30°–
50° of latitude, mainly on the eastern and western margins of continents. They are grouped into four types:

(i) Humid subtropical, i.e., dry in winter and hot in summer (Cwa)

(ii) Mediterranean (Cs)

(iii) Humid subtropical, i.e., no dry season and mild winter (Cfa)

(iv) Marine west coast climate (Cfb)

Cold Snow Forest Climates (D): Cold snow forest climates are divided into two types:

(i) Df- cold climate with humid winter

(ii) Dw- cold climate with dry winter

The severity of winter is more pronounced in higher latitudes.

Highland climates (H) are governed by topography. In high mountains, large changes in mean temperature occur over short distances. Precipitation types and intensity also vary spatially across highlands.
Ozone Hole: The depletion of ozone concentration in the stratosphere is called the ozone hole.
Greenhouse gases: The gases that absorb long-wave radiation are called greenhouse gases.
Greenhouse effect: The processes that warm the atmosphere are often collectively referred to as the
greenhouse effect.
Daily range of temperature: The difference between the highest and lowest temperatures of a place in a
day is called the daily range of temperature.
Dust bowl: During the 1930s, a severe drought occurred in the southwestern Great Plains of the United States.
These are described as the dust bowl.
Greenhouse: The term greenhouse derives from the analogy to a greenhouse used in cold areas to preserve
heat. A greenhouse is made up of glass. The glass, which is transparent to incoming short-wave solar radiation,
is opaque to outgoing long-wave radiation.