Paths To Modernisation Class 11 Notes History Chapter 7 - CBSE

Chapter : 7

What Are Paths To Modernisation ?

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China is a continental country, many of which are made up of mountains. Its center is dominated by three major rivers. Yellow River (Yellow River), Yangtze River (Yangtze River-the third longest river in the world), Pearl River.
Some of China's dominant ethnic groups are Han Chinese, while other nationalities include Uighurs, Hui, Manchus, and Tibetans.
Japan is a chain of islands in Honshu, Kyushu, Shikoku, and Hokkaido, and 50% of the area is mountains. The
southernmost point is the Okinawa chain. Japan is in a high seismic zone. Rice is the staple food and fish is
Japan's main source of protein.
In the 12th century, the Japanese emperor lost power and the general who was the chief of the army became
stronger. From 1603 to 1867, members of the Tokugawa family occupied the position of shogun.
Another powerful position came from the daimyo who once lived in the capital Edo and managed important economic and agricultural activities.
The samurai were warriors who served the shogun and the daimyo.
Japan suffered economic losses in the 18th and 19th centuries as gold and silver went to China and India in
exchange for silk.
Tokugawa restricted the export of precious metals and took steps to develop the industry in the western part
of Kyoto.
In 1853, the United States sent Admiral Matthew Perry to Japan to sign a treaty on trade and diplomatic relations. The United States wanted to enter the Chinese market, and Japan was on the way. Also, US ships in the Pacific needed a place to refuel.
The advent of Matthew Perry has brought about some changes in Japan's political and administrative sphere.
The emperor appeared as an important figure, and the 1868 movement caused the general to lose power, take the emperor to Edo, and rename it to Tokyo. There was concern that Japan might become a western colony.
The government has also established an "imperial system". This is a system in which the emperor exercises power with the bureaucracy and the military. There have been many political, social and economic reforms implemented by the Meiji government of Japan.
The government has implemented a new administrative structure and changed the boundaries between old villages and domains to unite the country. The economy was modernized by imposing taxes on agriculture and raising funds.
The first railway line was built between Tokyo and Yokohama between 1870 and 1972. Textile machines were imported from Europe. Companies like Mitsubishi have been helped by subsidies and tax cuts.
From the 1870s, a new school system was established, influenced by Western education, especially Germans.
All young men over the age of 20 had to serve in the military. The modern army has been developed. The army and bureaucrats were under the direct command of the emperor.
With state-centered nationalism in the 1930s and 1940s, Japan launched several wars to expand its empire in
China and other parts of Asia. This eventually led to conflicts with other Western nations.
During World War II, Japan was in a block which was supporting Germany. Japan attacked Pearl Harbor in
December 1941. This led to direct competition with the United States.
In August 1945, the United States dropped two atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The devastation caused by these bombs was considerable.
Japan accepted the defeat in World War II and formed an alliance with the United States, leading it to the path of development. Japan has become a demilitarized zone and a new constitution has been enacted.
Article 9 of the Constitution contained a "war ban" that abandoned the use of war as a national policy. Political parties revived, elections were held in 1946, and women voted for the first time. There was a close relationship between the government, bureaucrats and the industry. With its advanced technology, Japan has brought better products to the market at lower prices.
The Japanese economy was also helped by the support of the United States and the demand created by the South Korean and Vietnam Wars. The 1964 Tokyo Olympics symbolised the maturity of the Japanese economy.
The beginnings of modern China can be traced back to the first encounters with the West in the 16th and 17th centuries, when Jesuit missionaries introduced Western science such as astronomy and mathematics.
Between 1839 and 1842, Britain won China's first Opium War and seized power from the Qing dynasty. The
second Opium War was fought in 1856-60. The Manchurian dynasty collapsed and a republic was established under Sun Yat-sen in 1911.
He studied medicine, but he was very worried about the fate of China. Yat Sen's program was called the Three
Principles-Nationalism- this meant the overthrow of Manchuria, which was considered a foreign dynasty and
other foreign imperialists. Establishing a democracy or a democratic government. Socialism that regulates the capital and decreases influence of capitalism.
The Kuomintang, despite trying to unify the country, failed because of its superficial social and political vision.
Sun Yat-sen's capital regulation and national leveling program was never implemented. The party ignored
growing social inequality with farmers. It sought to impose a military order rather than tackle people's problems.
When the Japanese invaded China in 1937, the Kuomintang withdrew. A long and exhausted war has weakened
China. Prices rose 30% a month between 1945 and 1949, completely destroying the lives of the general public.
CCP was founded in 1921, shortly after the Russian Revolution. Mao Zedong (1893-1976), who emerged as the
main leader of the CCP, took another path based on his revolutionary program, the peasant.
Its success turned the CCP into a powerful political force and eventually defeated the Kuomintang. In 1949,
the Communist Party government was established in China, and a new era began in Chinese history.
The Government of the People's Republic of China was founded in 1949. It was based on the principle of "new
democracy," an alliance of all social classes.
An important area of the economy has been placed under state control. Private ownership of private companies and land has been abolished.
The Great Leap Forward, launched in 1958, was a policy to promote the country towards rapid industrialization. Mao was able to mobilise the masses to achieve the goals set by the party. His concern was to create a "socialist" with five loves: homeland, people, work, science, and public property.
Liu Shaoqi (1896-1969) and Deng Xiaoping (1904-97) tried to change the city system because they were not
functioning efficiently. The steel produced in the backyard furnace was not industrially used.
Mao Zedong launched the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution in 1965, due to conflicts with those who opposed emphasizing ideology over the concept and expertise of "socialists".
The Red Guards, primarily students and the army, have been deployed in campaigns against ancient cultures,
customs and customs. Students and professionals were sent to the countryside to learn from the masses.
Ideology has become more important than expertise. The blame and slogan replaced the rational argument.
The Cultural Revolution entered a period of turmoil, weakening the party and seriously destroying the economy and education system.
In 1975, the party once again emphasised the need to build greater social discipline and an industrial
economy.
Deng Xiaoping introduced a socialist market economy while maintaining strong control of political parties. In
1978, the party declared its goal as four modernizations: science, industry, agriculture and defense. The "Fifth
Modernization" declared that without democracy, other modernizations would be nullified.
In 1989, on the occasion of the 70th anniversary of the May Fourth Movement, many intellectuals called for
greater openness and the end of the "ossified doctrine" (su shaozhi).
Student protesters at Tiananmen Square in Beijing were brutally suppressed. In the post-reform period, there was a debate about how China should develop. There was a growing debate about the resurgence of Confucian traditions and the ability of China to build a modern society based on its own traditions, rather than simply imitating the West.
Taiwan has been a Japanese colony since the Chinese handed over Taiwan after the war with Japan in 1894-95. The Cairo Declaration (1943) and the Potsdam Declaration (1949) restored China's sovereignty.
GMD established a repressive government under Chiang Kai-shek that bans free speech and political opposition. They excluded the locals from power. They implemented land reform to increase agricultural
productivity and modernise the economy.
The conversion of Taiwan to democracy after Chen's death in 1975. Martial law was lifted in 1987 and the opposition was legalised.
Diplomatically, Taiwan is considered a part of China, so most countries do not have full diplomatic relations and have trade missions only in Taiwan.
The issue of unification with the mainland remains controversial, but relations "beyond the strait" (i.e., between Taiwan and China) are improving.
China may be willing to tolerate semi-autonomous Taiwan as long as it refrains from striving for independence.
The history of Japan and China shows how various historical conditions have led them to very different paths to build an independent and modern country.
Japan has maintained its independence and succeeded in using traditional skills and customs in new ways.
During the Sino-Japanese War (1894-95), China faced a humiliating defeat. On April 17, 1895, the Treaty of
Shimonoseki was signed between China and Japan, ending the Sino-Japanese War. The Chinese became vulnerable after the defeat and said that both China and Japan needed reforms to modernise.
The Sino-Japanese War became the basis of the Anglo-Japanese Alliance in 1902. China's path to modernisation was quite different. Both Western and Japanese foreign imperialism hesitated to weaken government control and was combined with the uncertain Qing dynasty.
In the 19th and 20th centuries, tradition was rejected and a way to build national unity and strength was sought.