Bhakti-Sufi Traditions Class 12 Notes History Chapter 6 - CBSE
Chapter : 6
What Are Bhakti-sufi Traditions ?
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- The principal deities of the Vedic pantheon were Indra, Agni and Soma.
The major deities of worship in India during medieval times were Vishnu, Shiva and mother goddess.
- The education became accessible to the women as well as Shudras due to the accessibility of the Puranic literature in simple Sanskrit language.
- Alvars were a group of religious saints who were engaged in the worship and devotion of Vishnu.
- Nayanars were a group of religious saints who were engaged in devotion to the Shiva.
- Andal was a woman Alvar, whose compositions were widely sung by the devotees of Vishnu.
- Some of the most famous temples constructed by the Chola rulers were in the cities of Chidambaram, Thanjavur and Gangaikondacholapuram.
- The Bhakti tradition is generally classified into two categories: Saguna and Nirguna Bhakti.
- Saguna Bhakti is the worship of God with attributes. Nirguna Bhakti is the worship of God without attributes.
- Tevaram was the compilation of the Tamil Shaiva hymns sung in the temples under royal patronage.
- Lingayats were the followers of the Basavanna who was a Brahmin from Karnataka. They were also known as the Virashaivas.
- Bhagavata Purana is the collection of the stories and practices associated with Lord Vishnu.
- Ulamas were the scholars of Islamic studies. They performed functions related to religious matters, judicial matters and teachings functions.
- Sharia is the set of laws governing the Muslim community. Sharia is said to be based on the Quran and Hadis.
- The major sufi saints of the Chisti Silsilahs were Sheikh Muinuddin Sijzi, Khwaja Qutubuddin Bakhtiyar Kaki, Sheikh Fariduddin Ganj-i-Shakar, Shaikh Nizamuddin Auliya.
- Sufis were the religious-minded people generally belonging to Islam that started following the path of asceticism and mysticism against the orthodoxy of the Islamic Caliphate.
- Sufi lineages were named after their founding father.
- The Sufis used to organise communities around the hospices and used to appoint a teaching master known as Shaikh or pir.
- The Shaikh used to make enrollments of disciples (murids) and also used to appoint a Khalifa who would carry out the reigns of the community in his absence.
- The tomb shrine or the Dargah of the sheikh became the centre of devotion for his followers.
- Wali or Auliya is said to be the friend of God having proximity with Allah.
- Zimmis were the people following other religious faiths such as Christianity and Judaism and were under the protection of the Muslims. They have to pay a religious tax called Jizya for gaining the protection of the Muslim rulers.
- Kabir is one of the most famous saints in the history of India. He is said to be raised by a poor Muslim weaving family.
- The verses of the Kabir is preserved in three compilations : Kabir Biajk, Kabir Granthavali and Adi Granth Sahib.
- Baba Guru Nanak was born in the year 1469 in a village called Nankana Sahib which is situated on the river Ravi predominantly in Pakistan.
- He was an advocate of Nirguna Bhakti and promoted the abstract worship of God.
- He composed hymns that came to be known as ‘Shabad’ in Punjabi. Baba Nanak used to sing these compositions in several ragas and his disciples used to play rabab.
- Mirabai was a Rajput princess from Merta in Marwar. She was married against her will to the Prince of Sisodia clan of Mewar in Rajasthan.
- Mirabai became the epitome of love and devotion to God and is remembered for her selfless love for God.
- The best source for the reconstruction of the histories is the study of religious and historical texts which provides insights about the social, cultural and political traditions of those times.