Mahatma Gandhi and the Nationalist Movement Class 12 Notes History Chapter 13 - CBSE

Chapter : 13

What Are Mahatma Gandhi And The Nationalist Movement ?

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Mahatma Gandhi returned to India in January 1915 after residing two decades abroad.
Gandhiji used the non-violent method of Satyagraha in South Africa to fight racial discrimination in society.
The Swadeshi Movement of 1905-1907 widened the scope of the movement in the country.
Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Bipin Chandra Pal and Lala Lajpat Rai believed in adopting a radical approach for gaining independence for India.
The Moderate leaders like Mahatma Gandhi, Gopal Krishna Gokhale and Muhammad Ali Jinnah believed in methods of petitions and non-violence.
The first major appearance of Gandhiji after returning from India was at Banaras Hindu University in 1916.
In his famous speech in BHU, Gandhiji said that the independence movement in India should be made a mass movement in which all the sections of the society must widely participate.
Gandhiji fought for the rights of the Indigo planters in Champaran, Bihar in 1917.
Gandhiji addressed the issues of the cotton mill workers in Ahmedabad in 1918.
In the Kheda district of Gujarat Gandhiji demanded the remission of taxes of the peasants from the British authorities after the failure of the crops.
During the Great War of 1914-1918, the British had passed several oppressive laws in India for the censorship of the press and detention of the prisoners without trial. These provisions continued under the Rowlatt Act.
Gandhiji called for a countrywide campaign against the Rowlatt Act. The shops were shut down and the schools were closed.
In April 1919, British Brigadier gave orders for massacring hundreds of innocent people gathered at Jallianwala Bagh in Amritsar.
The Rowlatt Satyagraha made Gandhi a leader of nationalist fervour.
Gandhiji started the non-cooperation movement in 1920 and asked the people to renounce the association with the things involving the British like cloth, liquor, schools, colleges, etc.
The Non-Cooperation movement was mixed with the Khilafat movement by Gandhiji for uniting the Hindus and Muslims and ensuring greater participation.
Students refused to go to schools, lawyers gave up the practice, workers went on strike during the non-cooperation movement. Hill tribes violated the forest colonial laws.
A group of protesters burned down a police station in Gorakhpur in February 1922. After this incident, Gandhiji called off the Non-Cooperation movement.
The Indian National movement transformed into a movement of peasants and common masses from the intellectual and elite sections.
Mahatma Gandhi used to work on Charkha and promoted the use of the Khadi cloth.
Gandhiji was seen as a figure who would rescue the Indians from the oppression of the British.
Gandhiji advocated for the spread of the nationalist message in the mother tongue.
The support base of Gandhiji was among the prominent industrialists as well as the poor masses.
Some of the prominent supporters of Gandhian Nationalism were Mahadev Desai, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, J.B. Kripalani, Jawahar Lal Nehru, Sarojini Naidu, etc.
Gandhiji condemned the practice of untouchability. He was a social reformer.
In the year 1928, there was a nationwide campaign against the Simon Commission.
In the Lahore session of Congress in December 1929, a proclamation for ‘Purna Swaraj’ was made.
On March 12, 1931, Gandhiji started his salt march from Sabarmati Ashram to Dandi for breaking the colonial salt laws. The Salt March made Gandhiji an international leader.
Imitating Gandhiji there were several salt marches all across the nation that break the colonial salt laws.
Gandhiji gave a different meaning to the Swaraj by appealing to the Indians to respect their fellow beings and end all sorts of discrimination for uniting the nation.
Gandhi-Irwin Pact of 1931 led to the temporary halting of the Civil-Disobedience movement. Under the terms of the pact, nationalist leaders were released from jail, salt manufacturing was allowed, etc.
Gandhiji represented India in the second round table conference which was held in the later part of 1931.
The British Government passed the Govt. of India Act in 1935 and gave some relaxation to the British.
In the election of provinces in 1937, Congress gained a majority in eight out of the eleven provinces.

During the Second World War, Mahatma Gandhi and Jawahar Lal Nehru offered help to the British in return for complete independence after the war.
The British refused the proposal of the Congress and in return, the Congress ministries resigned from their office.
The Muslim League passed the Lahore resolution in 1940 demanding autonomy in the Muslim dominated areas.
Sir Stafford Cripps came to India in the spring of 1942 to negotiate on the issue of sharing power with the Indians. But the Cripps mission failed.
After the failure of the Cripps India Mission, the Quit India Resolution was passed in August 1942.
All the top leaders of the Congress including Gandhiji were immediately arrested after the launch of the Quit India movement.
The Quit India movement expanded to almost all of India and different sections of the society took part in the movement.
In June 1944, Gandhiji was released from prison.
In 1946, Lord Wavell made an effort to bring peace between Muslim League and Congress.
In the elections of 1946, Congress won a clear majority in the general seats but the seats reserved for the Muslims, League won an overwhelming majority.
The Cabinet Mission Plan of 1946 failed to bring compromise between the League and the Congress on a federal system.
16 August, 1946 was declared as the Direct Action Day by the Muslim League and they pressed the demand for Pakistan.
Lord Mountbatten declared that British India will become independent but will be divided into two nations i.e. India and Pakistan.
The formal transfer of the power will take place in August 1946.
Mahatma Gandhi was very sad about the decision to partition India by the British.
Mahatma Gandhi appealed to the members of all communities to maintain peace in the country and help each other in the harshest times.
Congress passed the resolution for protecting the rights of minorities.
India was declared a Democratic Secular state.
Gandhiji was successful in bringing peace to Bengal after the partition.
In January 1948, Gandhiji was assassinated bya man named Nathuram Godse while he wasoffering prayers in a temple.
Time Magazine compared the assassination of Mahatma Gandhi to that of Abraham Lincoln.
The private letters, autobiographies and the police record of the colonial government provide a great deal of information about Gandhiji.