Oswal Practice Papers CBSE Class 10 Science Solutions (Practice Paper - 8)

Section-A

1. (c) Cross fertilisation

Explanation :

In the given cross, pink flowering plants have two dissimilar forms of the gene controlling flower colour. So, on selfing of two pink flowers (Rr), red (RR), pink (Rr) and white (rr) flower are obtained in ratio 1 : 2 : 1.

2. (a) greater than unity

Explanation :

As the light ray when travelled from medium A to medium B, then they bend towards the normal which means that medium B has higher refractive index and less speed of light with respect to medium A, So, refractive index of medium B w.r.t. medium A will be greater than unity.

3. (c) Concave mirror

Explanation :

As concave mirror gives the dentist a magnified reflection of the mouth while also refracting a bit of light. It forms an image in the mirror as larger and brighten and thus it makes easier for the dentist to see the cavity.

4. (b) Both (i) and (iv) are correct

Explanation :

Multiple fission produces many offspring whereas binary fission produces only two. Off-spring produced through multiple fission as well as binary fission are genetically identical to each other and to their parents. Both multiple fission and binary fission require only one parent. Plasmodium, the protozoan that causes malaria reproduces through multiple fission. Leishmania causes Kala-azar and it reproduces through binary fission.

5. (b) Pituitary

Explanation :

The pituitary gland, also known as the hypophysis, is a pea-sized endocrine gland. It is a protrusion at the base of the brain, at the bottom of the hypothalamus. It is a gland which is not paired. Adrenal, ovary and testes are paired glands.

6. (a) 1 Ω

Explanation :

$$\text{Resistance of one resistor =}\frac{1}{5}Ω$$

Number of resistors = 5

Maximum resistances can be obtained by combining the resistors in a series:

R_s = R₁ + R₂ + R₃ + R₄ + R₅

$$= \frac{1}{5} +\frac{1}{5} + \frac{1}{5} +\frac{1}{5}+\frac{1}{5}\\=\frac{1 +1+1+1+1}{5}\\=\frac{5}{5} = 1Ω$$

Hence, a person on combining five resistors in a series gets resistance 1 Ω.

7. (d)

Explanation :

In straight-chain hydrocarbons, carbon atoms are connected through covalent bonds in one continuous chain with no branches. In the structure (a), (b) and (c), all the carbon atoms are connected in a continuous straight chain:

In structure (d), a — CH₃ group is attached to the second carbon atom of the chain forming a branch.

Hence, compound in structure (d) is a branched chain hydrocarbon.

8. (a) The plant is undergoing photosynthesis, a form of autotrophic nutrition.

Explanation :

Autotrophic nutrition is the process by which organisms produce their own food using simple inorganic substances, such as carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight, to synthesize organic compounds, like glucose. In the given scenario, the plant is grown in a sealed container with carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight, and it produces oxygen. This is a classic indication of photosynthesis, where plants use sunlight energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and release oxygen as a by product.

9. (c) Hybrid plant

Explanation :

The process of crossing pollen from one flower to the pistils of another flower is known as cross-pollination. When a new plant is formed as a result of cross-pollination from different varieties of a plant, the newly formed plant is called a hybrid plant.

10. (c) 50 Ω

Explanation :

We know that

Total Resistance

R = R₁ + R₂

= 10 + 40

= 50 Ω

Hence, the value of X is 50 Ω

11. (b) halving of chromosomes during gamete formation.

Explanation :

The number of chromosomes in parents and offspring of a particular species remains
constant due to halving of chromosomes during gamete formation.

The gametes are a special type of cells which contain only half the amount of DNA as compared to normal cells of an organism. So, when a male gamete combines with a female gamete during sexual reproduction, then the new cell ‘zygote’ will have the normal amount of DNA.

12. (b) South pole

Explanation :

As like poles repel each other and unlike poles attract each other. Therefore when the North pole of a bar magnet is brought near the compass, it gets deflected in the south direction.

13. (d) Oxidation of fats

Explanation :

When oils and fats are exposed to oxygen in the air, they undergo oxidation, resulting in the breakdown of their chemical structure. This oxidation process leads to the development of unpleasant odours, flavours, and the degradation of nutritional value in the oil.

Options (a), (b), and (c) are not the primary cause of rancidity in this case. While exposure to high temperatures, microbial contamination, and light can contribute to the deterioration of oils and fats, oxidation is the primary factor responsible for rancidity.

14. (a) Emulsification of fats

Explanation :

The primary function of bile juice is the emulsification of fats. Bile is produced by the
liver and stored in the gallbladder. It is released into the small intestine to aid in the digestion and absorption of dietary fats.

Bile contains bile salts, which act as emulsifiers. Emulsification is the process of breaking down large fat globules into smaller droplets.

In the case of a blocked bile duct, the patient experiences symptoms such as jaundice (due to the accumulation of bilirubin, a bile pigment) and fatty stools (due to the malabsorption of dietary fats).

15. (c) Clock wise

Explanation :

If the current flows from North to South the compass needle will move towards the last.

16. (b) Water in guard cells

Explanation :

The entry of water into guard cells aids in the opening of guard cells, the guard cell becomes turgid because of this. Water going out from guard cells aids in the closing of guard cells, because of this the guard cells become flaccid.

17. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A

Explanation :

A force is always exerted due to magnetic field in the same way electric current flowing through any conductor produces a magnetic field. And in this case, Fleming’s left-hand rule is used to predict the directions of the magnetic field, current and displacement.

18. (c) A is true but R is false

Explanation :

Silver reacts with sulphur present in the air and forms a layer of silver sulphide, therefore, silver articles get tarnished or becomes black after sometime when exposed to sunlight.

19. (c) A is true but R is false

Explanation :

Pancreatic amylase is a starch-splitting enzyme like salivary amylase, so it cannot digest proteins.

20. (c) A is true but R is false

Explanation :

Ohm’s law states that the electric current flowing through a metallic wire is directly proportional to the potential difference across its two ends. The expression is written as :

V = IR

Here, R (resistance of the wire) is constant value then only the statement will be valid.

$$v\propto\text{I only if}\space\frac{\text{V}}{\text{I}}=\text{constant}$$

Section-B

21. (i) The defect of the human eye in which a person can see the objects lying at short distances clearly but cannot see the far objects distinctly is called myopia or short-sightedness.

(ii) A myopic eye can be corrected by using spectacles with concave lenses of suitable power or focal length.

The labelled diagram has been shown in the figure given below, in which

PE — Incident ray ∠i — Angle of incidence

EF — Refracted ray ∠r — Angle of refraction

FS — Emergent ray ∠e — Angle of emergence

∠A — Angle of the prism ∠D — Angle of deviation

22. (i) Green plants can build up complex energy-rich molecules of carbohydrates which are further used for different metabolic activities of cells.

(ii) non-green plants such as saprophytes and parasites use the food prepared by green plants during photosynthesis as a source of their own nutrition.

(iii) Animals eat green plants or eat animals that feed on green plants.

23. A chemical equation can be made more informative by mentioning the physical states of the reactants and products along with their chemical formula. The gaseous, liquid, aqueous, and solid states of the reactants and products are represented by the notations, (g), (l), (aq) and (s) respectively. The word aqueous is written if the reactant or product is present as a solution in water. When we use the symbol (g) with H2O it means in the reaction water is used as steam.

Example :

$$\text{3Fe}_{(s)} + \text{4H}_2\text{O}_{(g)}\xrightarrow{}\text{Fe}_{3}\text{O}_{4(s)} + 4\text{H}_{2(g)}$$

In the given chemical reaction, Fe in the solid state reacts with water in steam form and forms iron oxide in solid form and releases hydrogen gas.

24. There are different strategies adopted by the organism for nutrition depending on how the food is available. Some organisms break down food outside the body and then absorb it. Others take in food into the body and then digest it. Some organisms get their nutrition from plants and animals without killing them. These organisms are called parasites and the organism from which they derive their food is called host. Some of the parasites are lice, ticks, mites, leeches and tapeworms among animals and orchids and Cuscuta among plants.

25. Green plants are the producers which prepare their own food by utilising solar energy from inorganic sources and all other living organisms depend on them for food. Herbivores and carnivores depend upon green plants either directly or indirectly for food. Hence the first trophic level in a food chain is always a green plant.

Ponds or lakes are natural, self-sustaining and complete ecosystem. They have decomposers like bacteria or fungi, which break down the waste material, and remain clean. But an aquarium is a man-made, incomplete ecosystem and they do not have decomposers to clean the waste material. So, an aquarium needs to be cleaned but we do not clean ponds or lakes.

26. The process of dissolving an acid or a base in water is a highly exothermic in nature. The acid must always be added slowly to water with constant stirring. If water is added to a concentrated acid, the heat generated may cause the mixture to splash out and cause burns. The glass container may also break due to excessive local heating. Hence, it is recommended that the acid should be added to water and not water to the acid.

Section-C

27. When Mendel crossed pure tall (TT) pea plants with pure dwarf (tt) pea plants, in F1 generation, he found that all pea plants were tall (Tt). There were no dwarf plants produced in F₁ generation. When he self-pollinated these F₁ plants, in F₂ generation, he obtained tall and dwarf plants in the ratio 3 : 1. Thus, as three-fourths of the plant in the F₂ generation are tall and one-fourth is dwarf, so tall is a dominant trait whereas dwarf is a recessive trait [which expressed itself only in homozygous condition]. So he concluded that for a particular trait [here in this example, height of the plant, it may be dominant or recessive.

(i) Human beings contain 23 pairs of chromosomes-22 pairs are autosomes and one pair is sex chromosomes. During meiosis cell division gametes are formed in sex cells where the chromosome number is halved(n). At the time of fertilisation when the male gamete fuses with female gamete the diploid number (2n) is restored back in the zygote. Thus, half of the chromosomes come from the father and other half from the mother. In this way, meiosis process ensured equal genetic contribution the of male and female parents in the progeny.

(ii) There are 23 pairs of chromosomes present in human beings. One pair is sex chromosome. They are XX and XY. So there are two types of sex chromosomes.

28. Thermal decomposition is a decomposition reaction carried out by heating. The decomposition of calcium carbonate into calcium oxide and carbon dioxide on heating is an example of thermal decomposition. The calcium oxide formed is also called lime or quicklime.

$$\text{CaCO}_{3}(s)\xrightarrow{\text{On heating}}\text{CaO(s) + CO}_{2}(g)$$

The expected product of the decomposition reaction of white lead nitrate [Pb(NO₃)₂] is lead(II) oxide (PbO), yellow in colour, along with the emission of nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) gas, which appears as brown fumes.

Here in the presence of heat decomposition is taking place. so, it is known as thermal decomposition.

$$\text{2Pb(NO}_{3})_{2}\xrightarrow{}\text{2PbO + 4NO}_2 + \text{O}_2$$

29. (i) A rainbow is a natural spectrum appearing in the sky after a rain shower. It is caused by dispersion of sunlight by tiny droplets present in the atmosphere. A rainbow is always formed in a direction opposite to that of the Sun. The water droplets act like small prisms. They refract and disperse the incident sunlight, then reflect it internally and finally refract it again when it comes out of the rain drop. The dispersion of light and internal reflection make different colours visible to the observer’s eye. A rainbow is also seen on a sunny day when we look at the sky through a waterfall or through a water fountain with the sun behind us.

(ii) The diagram below explains how a rainbow is formed:

30. (i) Ethane: Molecular formula: C₂H₆

(ii) Ethene: Molecular formula: C₂H₄

(iii) Ethyne: Molecular formula C₂H₂

31. Ozone is a triatomic molecule made up of three oxygen atoms. It is present as a layer in our stratosphere. It prevents the harmful UV rays of the Sun from reaching the surface of the Earth. Ozone is formed by the absorption of UV rays coming from the Sun.

$$\text{O}_{2}\leftrightharpoons\space\text{O + O}\\\text{O + O}_{2}\xrightarrow{}\text{O}_{3}$$

UV radiation splits oxygen molecules in to oxygen atoms and the oxygen atoms, combine with oxygen molecule to form ozone.

CFCs Chlorofluorocarbons are mainly responsible for ozone layer depletion. CFCs release chlorine atoms which breaks ozone to oxygen, more amounts of CFCs thus, released will cause the depletion of the ozone layer.

32. (i)

S. No.	Electric energy	Electric power
1	Electrical energy consumed by an electrical appliance is the product of its power rating and the time it is used.	Electric power is the rate at which electrical energy is consumed.
2.	It is measured in kWh.	It is measured in watt or kilowatt.

$$\text{(ii) We know, Power (P) = }\frac{\text{V}^{2}}{\text{R}}$$

Therefore, P is inversely proportional to R as voltage remains the same.

40 W lamp has a higher resistance.

(iii) The commercial unit of electrical energy is kWh.

⇒ 1 kWh = 1000 W × 1 hr = 1000 W × 3600s

⇒ = 36 × 10⁵ J

⇒ = 3.6 × 10⁶ J

33. (i) Our stomach produces hydrochloric acid which helps in digestion of food. It has pH around 1.2. If excess acid is produced, it causes pain and irritation. It can be controlled by taking antacids which controls the pH in the stomach.

(ii) Tooth enamel is the hardest substance in our body. It gets corroded slowly when the pH in the mouth is below 5.5. When the pH in the mouth falls below 5.5, tooth decay starts. Bacteria present in the mouth produce acid by degradation of sugar and food particles that remain in the mouth after eating. The acid produced in the mouth attacks the enamel thereby, creating tooth decay.

(iii) When milk changes into curd, the pH values will change, the pH value of milk is 6 since it is acidic in nature. When the milk is converted into curd due to the action of bacteria, lactic acid is formed which is more acidic in nature. Therefore, the pH value of the milk is reduced to the pH range of 4.5-5.5 as it turns to curd.

Section-D

34. Two methods used for the separation of ores are:

(i) Froth Flotation Method: It is generally used to remove gangue from sulphide ores. First the ore is powdered and a suspension in water is formed. To this ore Collectors and froth stabilisers were added. The collectors generally used are pine oils, fatty acids etc. The function of collectors is to increase the non-wettability of the metal part of the ore and allows it to form a froth. Froth Stabilizers (cresols, aniline etc.) sustain the froth. The oil wets the metal and the water wets the gangue. Paddles and air constantly stir up the suspension to create the froth. This frothy metal is skimmed off the top and dried to recover the metal.

(ii) Magnetic ore Separation: This method is used in those cases where either ore or the impurities are of magnetic nature. In this method, the powdered impure ore in the form of a thin layer is allowed to fall on a rubber belt which moves horizontally over two rollers, one of which has an electromagnet attached. As the ore particles roll over the belt, the magnetic component in the ore gets attracted towards the magnet. It gets collected in a heap while the non magnetic component forms a separate heap.

(ii) Copper is extracted from sulphide ore by roasting. It is done in the presence of air:

$$2\text{Cu}_{2}\text{S} + 3\text{O}_{2}\xrightarrow{\Delta}\\\text{2 Cu}_{2}\text{O} + 2\text{SO}_{2}\\2\text{Cu}_{2}\text{O} + \text{Cu}_{2}\text{S}\xrightarrow{\Delta}\\\text{6 Cu + SO}_{2}$$

Electrolytic Refining of Copper.

(i) The two physical properties of ionic compounds are:

Ionic compounds are usually crystalline solids because their oppositely charged ions attract one
another strongly and forms a regular crystal structure.
Ionic compounds have high melting and boiling points because ionic compounds are composed of oppositely charged positive and negative ions held together by a strong electrostatic force of attraction. Therefore, a large amount of energy is required to overcome these forces.

(ii) Gold and Platinum are the two metals that are found in a free state in the earth’s crust. These metals are located at the bottom of the activity series.

(iii) Metals such as sodium, magnesium, calcium, and aluminium high up in the reactivity series are very reactive and cannot be obtained from their compounds by heating with carbon. This is because these metals have more affinity for oxygen than carbon.

(iv) (a) The blue solution will become colourless, and reddish-brown copper metal will be deposited.

$$\underset{\text{Blue}}{\text{Zn(s) + CuSO}_{4}(aq)}\xrightarrow{}\\\underset{\text{Colour (reddish brown)}}{\text{ZnSO}_{4}(aq) + \text{Cu}(s)}$$

(b) When some silver pieces are put into the green coloured ferrous sulphate solution, there will be no reaction because Ag is less reactive than the iron:

$$\text{Ag(s) + FeSO}_4(aq)\xrightarrow{}\text{No reaction}$$

35. The phenomenon of splitting of white light into its constituent colours on passing through a prism is known as the dispersion of white light. This splitting of the light rays occurs because of the different angles of bending for each colour and this different angles of bending occur because of different component of light faces different refractive indices when passing through the glass prism.

It is essential that the two prisms used for this purpose should be identical and placed in an inverted position with respect to each other so that the second prism completely nullifies the dispersion caused by the first prism and we get the pure white light.

The type of the mirror is convex mirror. The ray diagram is shown below:

Use of concex mirror: A convex mirror always produces a smaller, virtual and erect image of an object. In convex mirror, the length of the image is shorter than that of the object. Hence, it is used as a side view mirror in vehicles. The convex mirror forms images of vehicles that are spread over a relatively larger area.

36. Rhizopus is a fungus that commonly grows on bread, pickle and jam when conditions are favourable for its growth. It is a simple multicellular organism but shows specific reproductive parts. The thread like structure that can be seen on moist left-over bread pieces are the hyphae of the bread mould. They are not the reproductive parts. The tiny-round headed structures on a thin stalk are the reproductive parts. The round blobs are the sporangia, inside which are a large number of tiny cells or spores that help in giving rise to the new Rhizopus individuals. These spores have thick walls that protect them till they find a moist surface to grow. Hence, these spores are a means of asexual reproduction in Rhizopus.

Vegetative propagation is a method of asexual reproduction in plants where new plants are produced from the vegetative parts of plants like root, stem and leaves. While animals cannot use this method of reproduction, plants can. This method is used to produce new plants by layering or grafting as in rose, jasmine, sugarcane and grapes for agriculture purposes. It has both benefits and some drawbacks. Some examples of vegetative propagation are shown below:

(i) Propagation by buds on leaf margins in Bryophyllum leaf. The buds that develop along the leaf margin fall on the soil and each of them develops into a new plant.

(ii) A small cutting of a money plant when kept in water in a glass container or in a pot with soil grows into a new plant.

(iii) Buds in potatoes and ginger can grow into new plants under suitable conditions.

(iv) In sweet potatoes, the roots bear adventitious buds that can grow into new plants under favourable conditions.

Section-E

37. (a) NaOH + HCl → NaCl + H₂O

Base + Acid → Salt + Water

(b) It shows that NaOH is basic in nature.

Pink colour reappears on adding NaOH again to the mixture.

38. (a) There are many plants in which parts like the root, stem and leaves are used for vegetative propagation.

(b) The advantage of vegetative propagation is that all plants produced are genetically similar enough to the parent plant to have all its characteristics.

The potato pieces having buds gradually grow and develop. But there is no growth and development in potato pieces without bud.

39. (i) It is observed that the ammeter reading decreases to one-half when the length of the wire is doubled.

(ii) The ammeter reading is increased when a thicker wire of the same material and of the same length is used in the circuit.

(iii) A change in ammeter reading is observed when a wire of different material of the same length and the same area of cross-section is used.

(iv) Resistance of a conductor depends on (i) on its length, (ii) on its area of cross-section, and (iii) on the nature of its material.