CBSE Class 12 Economics Syllabus 2026-27
CBSE Class 12 Economics Syllabus 2026-27 is now available as per the official update released on April 1, 2026. Students must follow this latest syllabus to prepare according to the current CBSE exam pattern.
This page provides a clear unit-wise summary of the Class 12 Economics syllabus along with a simple overview of the board paper pattern. Students can identify important topics, avoid missing chapters, and plan preparation in a clear way.
The syllabus helps students focus on key areas and improve performance in board exams. Oswal Publishers books follow the latest CBSE pattern and support practice with updated questions.
Download the official CBSE Class 12 Economics Syllabus 2026-27 PDF from the link below and start preparation with the correct study plan.
CBSE Class 12 Economics Latest Syllabus 2026-27
| Units | Marks | |
| Part A | Introductory Macroeconomics | |
| National Income and Related Aggregates | 10 | |
| Money and Banking | 06 | |
| Determination of Income and Employmentt | 12 | |
| Government Budget and the Economy | 06 | |
| Balance of Payments | 06 | |
| 40 | ||
| Part B | Indian Economic Development | |
| Development Experience(1947-90) and Economic Reforms Since 1991 | 12 | |
| Current Challenges facing Indian Economy | 20 | |
| Development Experience of India - A Comparison with Neighbours | 08 | |
| Theory Paper (40+40=80 marks) | 40 | |
| Part C | Project Work | 40 |
CBSE Class 12 Economics Syllabus 2026-27: Unit-wise Summary
Part A:
Introductory Macroeconomics
Unit 1: National Income and Related Aggregates
What is Macroeconomics?
Basic concepts in macroeconomics: consumption goods, capital goods, final goods, intermediate goods; stocks and flows; gross investment and depreciation.
Circular flow of income (two sector model); Methods of calculating National Income - Value Added or Product method, Expenditure method, Income method.
Aggregates related to National Income:
Gross National Product (GNP), Net National Product (NNP), Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and Net Domestic Product (NDP) - at market price, at factor cost; Real and Nominal GDP
GDP Deflator, GDP and Welfare
Unit 2: Money and Banking
Money – meaning and functions, supply of money - Currency held by the public and net demand deposits held by commercial banks.
Money creation by the commercial banking system.
Central bank and its functions (example of the Reserve Bank of India): Bank of issue, Govt. Bank, Banker's Bank, Control of Credit through Bank Rate, Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR), Statutory Liquidity Ratio (SLR), Repo Rate and Reverse Repo Rate, Open Market Operations, Margin requirement.
Unit 3: Determination of Income and Employment
Aggregate demand and its components.
Propensity to consume and propensity to save (average and marginal).
Short-run equilibrium output; investment multiplier and its mechanism.
Meaning of full employment and involuntary unemployment.
Problems of excess demand and deficient demand; measures to correct them - changes in government spending, taxes and money supply.
Unit 4: Government Budget and the Economy
Government budget - meaning, objectives and components.
Classification of receipts - revenue receipts and capital receipts;
Classification of expenditure – revenue expenditure and capital expenditure.
Balanced, Surplus and Deficit Budget – measures of government deficit.
Unit 5: Balance of Payments
Balance of payments account - meaning and components;
Balance of payments – Surplus and Deficit
Foreign exchange rate - meaning of fixed and flexible rates and managed floating.
Determination of exchange rate in a free market, Merits and demerits of flexible and
fixed exchange rate.
Managed Floating exchange rate system
Part B:
Indian Economic Development
Unit 6: Development Experience (1947-90) and Economic Reforms since 1991:
A brief introduction of the state of Indian economy on the eve of independence. Indian economic system and common goals of Five Year Plans.
Main features, problems and policies of agriculture (institutional aspects and new agricultural strategy), industry (IPR 1956; SSI – role & importance) and foreign trade.
Economic Reforms since 1991:
Features and appraisals of liberalisation, globalisation and privatisation (LPG policy); Concepts of demonetization and GST
Unit 7: Current challenges facing Indian Economy
Human Capital Formation: How people become resource; Role of human capital in economic development; Growth of Education Sector in India
Rural development: Key issues - credit and marketing - role of cooperatives; agricultural diversification; alternative farming - organic farming
Employment: Growth and changes in work force participation rate in formal and informal sectors; problems and policies
Sustainable Economic Development: Meaning, Effects of Economic Development on Resources and Environment, including global warming
Unit 8: Development Experience of India:
A comparison with neighbours
India and Pakistan
India and China
Issues: economic growth, population, sectoral development and other Human Development Indicators
Part C: Project in Economics
Prescribed Books:
- Statistics for Economics, NCERT
- Indian Economic Development, NCERT
- Introductory Microeconomics, NCERT
- Macroeconomics, NCERT
- Supplementary Reading Material in Economics, CBSE
Note: The above publications are also available in Hindi Medium.
CBSE Class 12 Economics Question Paper Design 2026-27
| SN | Typology of Questions | Marks | Percentage |
| 1 | Remembering and Understanding: Exhibit memory of previously learned material by recalling facts, terms, basic concepts, and answers. Demonstrate understanding of facts and ideas by organizing, comparing, translating, interpreting, giving descriptions, and stating main ideas | 32 | 40% |
| 2 | Applying: Solve problems to new situations by applying acquired knowledge, facts, techniques and rules in a different way | 24 | 30% |
| 3 | Analysing, Evaluating and Creating: Examine and break information into parts by identifying motives or causes. Make inferences and find evidence to support generalizations. Present and defend opinions by making judgments about information, validity of ideas, or quality of work based on a set of criteria. Compile information together in a different way by combining elements in a new pattern or proposing alternative solutions. | 24 | 30% |
| Total | 80 | 100% |
Guidelines for Project Work in Economics (Class XI and XII)
The objectives of the project work are to enable learners to:
- probe deeper into theoretical concepts learnt in classes XI and XII
- analyse and evaluate real world economic scenarios using theoretical constructs and arguments
- demonstrate the learning of economic theory
- follow up aspects of economics in which learners have interest
- develop the communication skills to argue logically
The expectations of the project work are that:
- learners will complete only ONE project in each academic session
- project should be of 3,500-4,000 words (excluding diagrams & graphs), preferably
hand-written - it will be an independent, self-directed piece of study
Role of the teacher:
The teacher plays a critical role in developing thinking skills of the learners. A teacher should:
- help each learner select the topic based on recently published extracts from the news media, government policies, RBI bulletin, NITI Aayog reports, IMF/World Bank reports etc., after detailed discussions and deliberations of the topic
- play the role of a facilitator and supervisor to monitor the project work of the learner
through periodic discussions - guide the research work in terms of sources for the relevant data
- educate learner about plagiarism and the importance of quoting the source of the
information to ensure authenticity of research work - prepare the learner for the presentation of the project work
- prepare the learner for the presentation of the project work
Scope of the project:
Expected Checklist:
- Introduction of topic/title
- Identifying the causes, consequences and/or remedies
- Various stakeholders and effect on each of them
- Advantages and disadvantages of situations or issues identified
- Short-term and long-term implications of economic strategies suggested in the course of research
- Validity, reliability, appropriateness and relevance of data used for research work and
for presentation in the project file - Presentation and writing that is succinct and coherent in project file
- Citation of the materials referred to, in the file in footnotes, resources section, bibliography etc.
Mode of presentation/submission of the Project:
At the end of the stipulated term, each learner will present the research work in the Project File to the External and Internal examiner. The questions should be asked from the Research
Work/ Project File of the learner. The Internal Examiner should ensure that the study
submitted by the learner is his/her own original work. In case of any doubt, authenticity
should be checked and verified.
Marking Scheme:
Marks are suggested to be given as –
| S. No. | Heading | Marks Allotted |
| 1. | Relevance of the topic | 3 |
| 2. | Knowledge Content/Research Work | 6 |
| 3. | Presentation Technique | 3 |
| 4. | Viva-voce | 8 |
| Total | 20 Marks |
Suggestive List of Projects:
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The Changes for Class 12 (2026-27) Year-end Board Examinations are as under:
| (Class-12) | ||
| Periodic Assessment | Academic Session 2025-26 | Academic Session 2026-27 |
| Composition of question paper for year-end examination/ Board Examination (Theory) |
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