Statistics Class 11 Notes Mathematics Chapter 15 - CBSE
Chapter : 15
What Are Statistics ?
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Introduction
It is the discipline that concerns the collection, organisation, analysis, interpretation and presentation of data.
In earlier classes, we studied about the methods of presenting the data collected in the graphical from and tabular form. There are three measures of central tendency :
(i) Arithmetic mean (ii) Median (iii) Mode These measures gives a rough idea about the points where data are centered.
In this chapter we will study about mean deviation and standard deviation, in order to have a better idea as to know how the data are scattered.
Range
It is a difference between two extreme observations of the distribution
Range = Largest observation – Smallest observation
Mean Of Ungrouped Data
The ungrouped data is a set of data not sorted into categories or classified. It is basically a list of numbers.
Direct method
Mean of ungrouped data is calculated by :
$$\bar x=\frac{x_{1} + x_{2}+ ...+ x_{n}}{n}$$
Deviation method
In this method, we assume a mean a. Then, compute di = xi – a, i.e. deviation of the values of data from assumed mean. Then mean of given data is
$$\bar x = a + \frac{\Sigma d_{i}}{n}$$
Mean Of Discrete Distribution
Discrete frequency distribution consist of 'm' distinct values x1 , x2 , ... xm with frequencies f1 , f2 , ...fm respectively. There are two ways of calculating mean :
Direct method
The mean of the given data is
$$\bar{x} =\frac{\Sigma f_{i}x_{i}}{\Sigma f_{i}}$$
Deviation method
In this method, we assume a mean suppose 'a'.
Then calculate deviation i.e., di = xi – a
Then, mean of the given data is :
$$\bar x = a + \frac{\Sigma f_{i}d_{i}}{\Sigma f_{i}}$$
Deviation method
In this method, we assume a mean suppose 'a'.
Then calculate deviation i.e., di = xi – a
Then, mean of the given data is :
$$\bar x = a + \frac{\Sigma f_{i}d_{i}}{\Sigma f_{i}}$$
Mean Of Continuous Distribution
For computing the mean of continuous frequency distribution, with correspoding frequencies di , we first compute the midpoint of the class intervals and denote them by xi.
There are three method for calculating mean of the continuous distribution.
Direct method
The mean of given data is :
$$\bar x = \frac{\Sigma f_{i}x_{i}}{\Sigma f_{i}}$$
Deviation method
In this method, take an assumed mean 'a' and class with 'h'.
$$\text{Compute U}_{i} =\frac{x_{i}-a}{h}\space\text{i.e.,}$$
the step-deviations of the mid-points of class intervals from assumed mean.
Then, mean is given by.
$$\bar{x} = a + h\frac{\Sigma f_{i}U_{i}}{\Sigma f_{i}}$$
Median Of Ungrouped Data
For finding the median of ungrouped data, first arrange it in ascending order.
Now, calculate the median using the following formula :
$$\text{Median} =\bigg(\frac{n+1}{2}\bigg)^{\text{th}}\text{term,}\\\text{if n is odd}\\\text{Median = }\\\frac{\bigg(\frac{n}{2}\bigg)^{\text{th}}\text{term} + \bigg(\frac{n}{2}+1\bigg)^{\text{th}}\text{term}}{2},\\\text{if n is even}$$
Median Of Discrete Distribution
Consider a discrete frequency distribution having 'm' distinct values x1 , x2... xn with frequencies f1 , f2 ... fn respectively.
Then, arrange the data in (values of xi ) in ascending order. Find cumulative frequency.
Denote n = ± ∑fi .
Then, we calculate median using the formula,
$$\text{Median =}\bigg(\frac{n+1}{2}\bigg)^{\text{th}}\space\text{term},\\\text{if n is odd}\\\text{Median = }\\\frac{\bigg(\frac{n}{2}\bigg)^{\text{th}} +\bigg(\frac{n}{2}+1\bigg)^{\text{th}}\text{term}}{2},\\\text{if n is even}$$
Median Of Continuous Frequency Distribution
For finding the median, we first find the mid-points of the class intervals and denote them by xi.
Then, calculate the cumulative frequency.
Denote n = ∑fi Identify the median class i.e.,
the class containing the cumulative frequency
$$\frac{x}{2}.$$
$$\text{Then, Median =}\\ l +\bigg(\frac{\frac{n}{2} - c}{f}\bigg)× h$$
where,
l = lower limit of median class
h = width limit of median class
f = frequency of median class
c = cumulative frequency just preceding median class.
Mean Deviation
A number that represents the mean of the deviations from that number.
Mean deviation about mean
The AM of the numerical deviations of the observations from the mean of the data is called mean deviation about mean.
Mean deviations about median
The AM of the numerical deviations of the observations from the median of the data is called the mean deviation about median.
- Mean deviation for ungrouped data: Consider the ungrouped data as x1 , x2 , .... xn consisting of 'n' values. Let x be its mean and M be its median. Then, median deviation about mean
$$(\bar{x}) =\sum^{n}_{i=1}\frac{|x_{i}-\bar{x}|}{n}\\\text{where}\space\bar{x}\space\text{is the mean}$$
Mean deviation about median
$$(\text{M}) =\sum^{n}_{i=1}\frac{|x_{i}-\text{M}|}{n}$$
where M is the median
- Mean deviation for discrete distribution: Consider the data as x1, x2 , .... xn having frequencies f1 , f2... fnrespectively.
Then, mean deviation about mean is :
$$\text{MD}(\bar{x}) =\sum^{n}_{i=1}\frac{f_{i}|x_{i}-\bar{xx}|}{\displaystyle\sum_{i=1}^nf_{i}}\\=\displaystyle\sum_{i=1}^n\frac{f_{i}|x_{i} -\bar{x}|}{\text{N}}\\\text{where,}\space x =\frac{\displaystyle\sum^{n}_{i=1}f_{i}x_{i}}{\displaystyle\sum f_{i}}$$
Mean deviation about median is :
$$\text{MD(M)} =\displaystyle\sum^{n}_{\text{i = 1}}\frac{f_{i}|x_{i} - \text{M}|}{\text{N}}$$
where, N is median of the data and N = ∑fi.
Variance And Standard Deviation
Variance
Mean of squares of the deviations from the mean is called the variance and is denoted by σ2 .
Steps followed for calculating
Calculate the mean of the given data, denoted by
$$\bar{x}.\space \text{Then, the variance for the data}\\x_{1},x_{2},.....x_{n}\space\text{is given by}$$
$$\sigma^{2} =\frac{1}{n}\displaystyle\sum_{i=1}^n(x_{i} -\bar{x})^{2}$$
Variance for the grouped data (discrete or continuous) is :
$$\sigma^{2} =\frac{\Sigma f_{i}(x_{i} -\bar{x})^{2}}{\Sigma f_{i}}$$
Standard Deviation
The positive square root of variance is called standard deviation and it is denoted by σ. For ungrouped data,
$$\text{Standard deviation,}\\\space\sigma =\sqrt{\frac{\Sigma (x_{i}-\bar{x})^{2}}{n}}$$
For grouped (discrete/continuous) data,
$$\text{Standard deviation,}\\\sigma =\frac{\sqrt{\Sigma f_{i}(x_{i}-\bar{x}_{i})^{2}}}{n}$$
Short-cut method for calculating S.D.
For ungrouped data,
$$\text{Variance,}\space\sigma^{2}=\\\frac{1}{n}\begin{Bmatrix}\displaystyle\sum_{i=1}^n (x_{i} -\bar{x})^{2}\end{Bmatrix}\\=\frac{1}{n}\begin{Bmatrix}\displaystyle\sum^{n}_{i=1}(x_{i}^{2} - 2x_{i}\bar{x} + x^{2})\end{Bmatrix}\\=\frac{\Sigma x_{i}^{2}}{n}- 2\bar{x}\bigg(\frac{\Sigma x_{i}}{n}\bigg) + \frac{n\bar{x}^{2}}{n}\\=\frac{\Sigma x_{i}^{2}}{n}-2\bar{x}.\bar{x} +x^{2}\\\therefore\sigma^{2} =\frac{\Sigma_{i}^{2}}{n}-\bar{x}^{2}$$
Standard deviation,
$$\sigma^{2} =\sqrt{\frac{\Sigma x_{i}^{2}}{n} - \bar{x}^{2}}$$
For grouped data,
$$\text{Variance,}\space\sigma^{2}=\frac{\Sigma f_{i}(x_{i}-\bar{x})^{2}}{\Sigma f_{i}}\\=\frac{\Sigma f_{i}(\bar{x_{i}}^{2} - \bar{x}^{2} - 2x_{i}\bar{x})}{\Sigma f_{i}}\\=\frac{\Sigma f_{i}x_{i}^{2}}{\Sigma f_{i}} + \frac{\Sigma\bar{x}^{2}f_{i}}{\Sigma f_{i}} + \frac{\Sigma 2 x_{i}\bar{x}}{\Sigma f_{i}}\\=\frac{\Sigma f_{i}x_{i}^{2}}{\Sigma f_{i}} + \bar{x}^{2} -\bar{2x}^{2}\\\therefore\space \sigma^{2}=\frac{\Sigma f_{i}x_{i}^{2}}{\Sigma f_{i}}-\bar{x}^{2}\\\text{or}\space \sigma^{2} =\frac{\Sigma f_{i}x_{i}^{2}}{\Sigma f_{i}}-\bigg(\frac{\Sigma f_{i}f_{i}}{\Sigma f_{i}}\bigg)^{2}$$
and Standard deviation,
$$\sigma =\sqrt{\frac{\Sigma f_{i}x_{i}^{2}}{\Sigma f_{i}}-\bigg(\frac{\Sigma f_{i}x_{i}}{\Sigma f_{i}}\bigg)^{2}}$$
Note: Coefficient of variation is given by
$$\text{C.V.}=\frac{\sigma}{\bar{x}}×100$$
